A1298C Polymorphism of Fetal Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Gene as a Risk Factor for Spontaneous Abortion

Objective: To investigate the role of A1298C polymorphism of fetal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene in spontaneous abortion. Method: The case control study design recruited 96 subjects in Siti Fatimah and Pertiwi mother and child hospital, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Pelamonia, Bhayangkara, Syekh Yusuf, Haji and Labuang Baji hospital from March to September 2014. All subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria were taken tissue samples from mothers experiencing spontaneous abortion and blood samples from normally born baby. The data were analyzed using Pearson chi-square with significant rate of 5% (

A Randomized FiveYear Comparative Study of Two LevonorgestrelReleasing Implant Systems: Norplant® Capsules and Jadena® Rods

Objective: To provide a randomized comparison between Jadena® and Norplant® in terms of efficacy and acceptability among Indonesian women. Method: This study was a phase IV, open label, randomized, multicenter study throughout Indonesia. Subjects were Indonesian adult women who were randomized to receive Jadena® or Norplant® as their contraceptive method. The subjects were recruited from 6 large cities in Indonesia, such as Medan, Palembang, Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, and Makassar. Result: Of 600 subjects, 301 women getting to Jadena® and 299 women to Norplant® were enrolled between August 1998 and February 1999. The mean age was 29.8 (SD 5.3) years old, ranging from 18 to 40 years old. We did not find the pregnancy during the study. Non-pregnancy probability at the end of one year was similar between Jadena® (0.920 (SD 0.016)) and Norplant® users (0.916 (SD 0.084)). The continuation rates of Jadena® at one and three-year were 95.3% and 66.8%; whereas, the continuation rates of Norplant® was 94.3% at year-1 and 70.2% at year-3. Conclusion: The new two rod levonorgestrel subdermal system (Jadena®) showed similar efficacy with the old six capsule levonorgestrel subdermal system (Norplant®) in term of birth control. Both implant systems also have similar tolerability profile. Jadena® is easier to insert and remove than Norplant®. Keywords: birth control, efficacy, implan

Correlation of Leucine-Rich-α-2-Glycoprotein- 1 (LRG-1) Level in Urine with Cervical Cancer Stage, Histology Type and Histology Grading

Objective: To determine if the level of LRG-1 in urine correlates with cervical cancer stage, histology type and histology gradingMethod: This cross-sectional study using ELISA to test urinary LRG-1 of 59 cervical cancer patients. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test.Results: From the total of 59 samples, LRG-1 in urine ranged from 0.48 ng/mL to 170.43 ng/mL, with median value 58.42 ng/mL. A median value of 21.42±52.29 ng/mL was found in the urine at early stage and 115.32±59.36 ng/mL at advanced stage. Most patients had cervical cancer at advanced stage (69.4%), squamous cell carcinoma (66.1%), and grade cannot be assessed (45.8%). Median LRG-1 levels were highest in squamous cell carcinoma (66.42±60.89 ng/mL) and poorly differentiated (127.74 ±54.13 ng/mL). LRG-1 levels were significantly correlated with cervical cancer stage (p-value=0.045) but not histological type (p-value=0.940) or histopathological grade (p-value=0.488).Conclusion: The more advanced the cervical cancer stage, the more elevated urinary LRG-1 levels. LRG-1 contributes to angiogenesis and antiapoptotic processes in cancer. Further studies are required to identify and evaluate LRG-1 in urine as an important biomarker for making clinical decisions and developing potential treatments.Hubungan Kadar Protein Leucine-Rich-α-2-Glycoprotein-1 (LRG-1) Urine dengan Stadium, Tipe Histologis, dan Derajat Diferensiasi Kanker ServiksAbstrakTujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar LRG-1 dalam urine dengan stadium, tipe histologis, dan derajat diferensiasi kanker serviks.Metode: Studi ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross-sectional pada 59 perempuan yang telah didiagnosis kanker serviks, kemudian diperiksa kadar protein LRG-1 dalam urine dengan metode ELISA. Uji statistik menggunakan Kruskal Wallis. Hasil: Dari total 59 sampel didapatkan kadar LRG-1 dalam urine terendah 0,48 ng/mL dan tertinggi 170,43 ng/mL, nilai median 58,42 ng/mL. Nilai median pada stadium awal 21,42±52,29 ng/mL dan stadium lanjut 115,32±59,36 ng/mL. Lebih banyak penderita mengalami kanker serviks pada stadium lanjut (69,4%), tipe histopatologis Squamous Cell Carcinoma (66,1%), derajat diferensiasi tidak dapat ditentukan (45,8%). Median tertinggi kadar LRG-1 pada tipe Squamous Cell Carcinoma (66,42±60,89 ng/mL), dan derajat diferensiasi yang buruk (127,74±54,13 ng/mL). Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kadar LRG-1 dan stadium kanker serviks (nilai p = 0,045), tetapi tidak dengan tipe histologis (nilai p=0,940) dan derajat diferensiasi (nilai p=0,488).Kesimpulan: Semakin tinggi stadium maka semakin tinggi kadar protein LRG-1 dalam urine. LRG-1 berperan dalam proses angiogenesis dan antiapoptosis pada kanker. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut agar identifikasi dan evaluasi biomarker LRG-1 urine dapat menjadi penanda penting yang membantu dalam pengambilan keputusan klinis, serta pengembangan terapi.Kata Kunci: Derajat diferensiasi, Kanker serviks, LRG-1, Stadium, Tipe histologi